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Chemical formula

Example: Balanced Chemical Equations with Subscripts Water: $$\ce{H2O}$$ Carbon dioxide: $$\ce{CO2}$$ Iron(III) hydroxide (Rust reaction): $$\ce{4Fe + 3O2 + 6H2O -> 4Fe(OH)3}$$ Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate: $$\ce{CuSO4 * 5H2O}$$ Chemical Formulas in Chemistry Chemical formulas are the symbolic representations of chemical substances. They show the elements present in a compound and the ratio in which the atoms of these elements combine. Chemical formulas are essential for understanding the composition, structure, and behavior of compounds in chemical reactions. 1. What is a Chemical Formula? A chemical formula uses symbols of elements and numerical subscripts to represent the composition of a substance. For example, the formula for water is: $$ \ce{H2O} $$ This indicates that each water molecule is made up of 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen. 2. Types of Chemical Formulas Empirical Formula Molecular Formula Structural Formula Condensed ...
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Acid

Acid – Short Notes

Definition: Acids are substances that release hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water.
Example: HCl → H⁺ + Cl⁻

Taste: Sour in taste (e.g., lemon juice, vinegar).

pH Value: Less than 7 on the pH scale.

Types of Acids:

1. Mineral Acids (Inorganic): Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)


2. Organic Acids: Acetic acid (CH₃COOH), Citric acid



Strength:

Strong Acids: Completely ionize in water (e.g., HCl, HNO₃)

Weak Acids: Partially ionize (e.g., CH₃COOH)


Reaction with Metals: Produces hydrogen gas
Example: Zn + HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂↑

Reaction with Bases: Forms salt and water (Neutralization reaction)
Example: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O

Common Uses:

Cleaning agents (HCl)

Fertilizers (H₂SO₄, HNO₃)

Food preservation (acetic acid)

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