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Example: Balanced Chemical Equations with Subscripts Water: $$\ce{H2O}$$ Carbon dioxide: $$\ce{CO2}$$ Iron(III) hydroxide (Rust reaction): $$\ce{4Fe + 3O2 + 6H2O -> 4Fe(OH)3}$$ Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate: $$\ce{CuSO4 * 5H2O}$$ Chemical Formulas in Chemistry Chemical formulas are the symbolic representations of chemical substances. They show the elements present in a compound and the ratio in which the atoms of these elements combine. Chemical formulas are essential for understanding the composition, structure, and behavior of compounds in chemical reactions. 1. What is a Chemical Formula? A chemical formula uses symbols of elements and numerical subscripts to represent the composition of a substance. For example, the formula for water is: $$ \ce{H2O} $$ This indicates that each water molecule is made up of 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen. 2. Types of Chemical Formulas Empirical Formula Molecular Formula Structural Formula...

Molar Conductivity Numerical

๐Ÿ”ข Numerical Problem: 


 The molar conductivity of a 0.01 M solution of acetic acid (CH₃COOH) is found to be 1.65 × 10⁻² S·m²·mol⁻¹. The molar conductivity at infinite dilution (ฮ›⁰) for acetic acid is 3.90 × 10⁻² S·m²·mol⁻¹. 

Calculate the degree of dissociation (ฮฑ) of acetic acid in this solution. 


 ✅ Given: Molar conductivity (ฮ›โ‚˜) = 1.65 × 10⁻² S·m²·mol⁻¹ Molar conductivity at infinite dilution (ฮ›⁰) = 3.90 × 10⁻² S·m²·mol⁻¹ Molarity (C) = 0.01 mol·L⁻¹

 ๐Ÿง  Formula Used: $\alpha = \frac{\Lambda_m}{\Lambda^0}$ 

Where: = degree of dissociation = molar conductivity at given concentration

= molar conductivity at infinite dilution 


 Solution: 

 $\alpha = \frac{1.65 \times 10^{-2}}{3.90 \times 10^{-2}}$

 $\alpha = \frac{1.65}{3.90} = 0.423$

 ๐Ÿ“˜ Final Answer: 

 The degree of dissociation (ฮฑ) of acetic acid = 0.423 or 42.3%

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